ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION SPECTRUM

GAUSS'S LAW

Define:

                  The net electric flux through any closed surface is equal to 

1/ε times the net electric charge within that closed surface.                                                                                

Mathematically:   

                             ϕ = Qϵ0

ϵdd

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Ferromagnetc,Diamagnetic,and Paramagnetic Substance Differences

Ferromagnetic:

                                       Those substances which when placed in a magnetic field are strongly magnetized in the direction of the applied field are called ferromagnetic substance .

EXAMPLE :

                     IRON ,NICKEL ,COBALT,

 PROPERTY :

                                            FERROMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES ARE STRONGLY ATTRACTED BY A MAGNETIC.   

                                                                       

DIAMAGNETIC:

                                                The substance in which magnetic fields produce by orbita and spin molcules of the electron add upto zero are called diamagnetic substances.

EXAMPLE:

                               

PROPERTY :

                                  Diamagnetic does not show magnatic property because lines cancel the effect of each other.

                                          

Paramagnatiron c :

                                    The substances in which the ornit and the spin axes of the electron in an atom are so oriented that their magnetic fields support each other and the atom behave like a thiny magnetic are called paramagnetic substances.

EXAMPLE :

                                ALUMINUM ,SULPHATE, 

ABOVE FIG IT'S LINES BEHAVIOUR IS CLEAR.

                                  

PROPERTY:

                                 It behave like a tiny magnetic .

Feromagnatic and paramagnatic difference

KVA AND KW DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRICITY

KVA:

                                      

                                   KVA IS Stand for: kilo watt ampere

FULL ANSWER

kVA is known as the apparent power of an electrical system or of a particular circuit. In direct current circuits the kVA is equal to the kW because the current and the voltages do not get out of phase. However, "real power" and "apparent power" differ in their alternating current circuits so kW is the amount of actual power that does valid work where only a fraction of kVA is available and accessible to do work while the rest is in excess in the current.

The relationship between kVA, kW and the power factor is described mathematically as: kW = kVA x power factor; kVa = kW/power factor; and power factor = kW/kVA. In DC circuits, there is no difference between the kVA and the kW because of the power factor. The power factor leads or lags depending on the way that the load shifts the phase of the current compared to the phase of the voltage. This creates a unity in the DC circuits. In AC circuits, voltage and current may get out of phase leading to a difference in kW and kVA that will be based on the power factor (or how much leading or lagging occurs).

Definition kw:

The kilowatt hour is a unit of energy equivalent to one kilowatt (1 kW) of power sustained for one hour.

${\displaystyle 1\,\mathrm {kW\cdot h} =1\,\mathrm {kW} \cdot 3600\,\mathrm {s} =3600\,\mathrm {kWs} =3600\,\mathrm {kJ} =3.6\,\mathrm {MJ} }$

One watt second is equal to one joule. One kilowatt-hour is 3.6 megajoules, which is the amount of energy converted if work is done at an average rate of one thousand watts for one hour.

concept kw:

                          kw is stand for:kilo watt

kw is the unit of measure of power.

kw is a real power while kva is apparant power in kva no inculode internal resistance of instruments .

The kilowatt hour (symbol kWh) is a derived unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules. If the energy is being transmitted or used at a constant rate (power) over a period of time, the total energy in kilowatt hours is the power in kilowatts multiplied by the time in hours. The kilowatt hour is commonly used as a billing unit for energy delivered to consumers by electric utilities. 

CHARGES CONCEPT AND COULOMB LAW

THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF CHARGS:

                                  ONE IS POSITIVE AND ONE IS NEGATIVE :

Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative.

PROPERTIES OF CHARGES :

                                             Similar charges repel each other while opposite charges attract each other :                                                                                                                            

                                                  

coulomb law:

                                   Is about charges:      

OVER VIEW:

                                    Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative. Like charges repel and unlike attract. An object is negatively charged if it has an excess of electrons, and is otherwise positively charged or uncharged. The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C). In electrical engineering, it is also common to use the ampere-hour (Ah), and, in chemistry, it is common to use the elementary charge (e) as a unit. The symbol Q often denotes charge. Early knowledge of how charged substances interact is now called classical electrodynamics, and is still accurate for problems that don't require consideration of quantum effects.
The electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields. The interaction between a moving charge and an electromagnetic field is the source of the electromagnetic force, which is one of the four fundamental forces (See also: magnetic field).
Twentieth-century experiments demonstrated that electric charge is quantized; that is, it comes in integer multiples of individual small units called the elementary charge, e, approximately equal to 1.602×10−19 coulombs (except for particles called quarks, which have charges that are integer multiples of  1⁄3e). The proton has a charge of +e, and the electron has a charge of −e. The study of charged particles, and how their interactions are mediated by photons, is called quantum electrodynamics.

MAGNETIC FIELD

Magnetic field:

                                     The field around the magnetic in which it can attract or repel easily any magnetic material called magnetic field .

                                                                                                                                                           

magneto motive force (magnetic potential)    

where Φ is the magnetic flux and R is the reluctance of the circuit. It can be seen that the magneto motive force plays a role in this equation analogous to the voltage V in Ohm's law: V = IR, since it is the cause of magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit

Units:

Units:

MAGNETIC POLE'S:

                                      In magnetic there are two poles one is north In SI units, B is measured in teslas (symbol: T) and correspondingly ΦB (magnetic flux) is measured in webers (symbol: Wb) so that a flux density of 1 Wb/m2 is 1 tesla. The SI unit of tesla is equivalent to (newton·second)/(coulomb·metre).[nb 6] In Gaussian-cgs units, B is measured in gauss (symbol: G). (The conversion is 1 T = 10,000 G.) One nanotesla is also called a gamma (symbol: γ). The H-field is measured in amperes per metre (A/m) in SI units, and in oersteds (Oe) in cgs unitand other is south they remain always together they can not apart from one an other .They can not exist independently while charges can exist + and - independently easily.

Direction of magnetic field:                                                                                                             THIS FIG DESCRIBE THE DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD IN ELECTRIC WIRE.                                                                                                                                                    

                           

Electric Field Concept

Electric field:

                                              The field around which a force exerted on charge called field force or electric field.

Formula:                                                                                                                           

                       E = F/Q             ELECTRIC FIELD = FORCE / CHARGE

Sort's of field:

                                  Two type of field 1 magnetic field 2 electric field .

magnetic field is a natural field while electric field is artificial .

PRODUCED:

                               It emits from positive terminal (+ve ) to negative terminal (-ve). Indicated by arrows ......                                                    

Strength:

                     Electric field would be strong when lines are closer to each other .

      

     

Weak :                                               And weak when lines are away from each other. 

Comparison b/w electric field & gravitational field: 

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Electrical images

RESISTANCE CONCEPT

Resistance :

                              The opposition offered by atoms against flow of electron called resistance .You can easily understand from fig.

UNIT:

                                        OHM or Ω 

Formula :

                                             R = V/I   =  VOLT/CURRENT

DEPENDENCE : 

                         RESISTANCE  α   temperature ,R α T

It mean increase of temperature resistance will also increase due to direct relation.

CASE :1(INCREASE)

                 Resistance increase with increase of temperature because increase of temperature the size of atom increases and than probability of collision of electron with atom increase due to this effect resistance increase with increase of temperature .Electron can not pass through metal or wire like this...

this bob can not pass through it due to expansion similarly this case also with electron in metal plate or wire . 

CASE :2(DECREASE)

                                                         Resistance decrease with increase of area of metal or wire with the increase of area the probability of collision of electron with the atom decreases because in large area electron are far away from atoms so they can easily move and can  conduct electricity or heat easily.

VOLTAGE CONCEPT

Voltage:

                     The difference of charges b/w two point's called voltage or potential difference .it is also called emf.

Concept :

                     It is actually push of chargers you can easily understand from fig which given below :

 Explain:

               It's mean how much charges difference between two terminals or point's.

let suppose ; At point A charge is 5 coulomb and at point B is 8 coulomb than their difference is 3 which we says voltage or potential mean 3 volt's .      

Denoted by :

                              V:(VOLTAGE )

Formula:

                         V=IR          V VOLTAGE ,I CURRENT , R RESISTANCE or v= delta E/r      E is a potential gradient is is distance

UNIT: 

          It is unit of potential difference  .

CURRENT AND ITS CONCEPT

CURRENT:

                                                                Flow of charges (positive or negative)  called current.Its unit is ampere .

TYPES OF CURRENT :

                                                              THERE ARE TWO(2) TYPES OF CURRENT :

ELECTRONIC CURRENT:1

                                                              Due to flow of negative(-) charge is called electric current which always flow from negative terminal to positive terminal.

CONVENTIONAL CURRENT:2

                                                              Due to flow of positive(+) charge is called  conventional
current which always flow from positive terminal to negative terminal .

UNIT OF CURRENT :

                                                              It's international unit is ampere(A) which is on the name of scientist who find it.

DENOTED BY:

                                      CURRENT( I )

FORMULA:

                                 I =Q/T     OR CHARGES / TIME TAKEN

CONCEPT OF CURRENT :

                                                               Concept of current we actually taken which force help to rounding a body .

CURRENT RELATION:                                       

                                                      

AFFECT OF CURRENT:

                                                          Current produce heat which cause of burn of instruments due to direct relation with heat.